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In addition, some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute, the , although the Supreme Court's ruling in deprecates this view. See our and to learn more about the use of data and your rights.

More widely, it has been described as the world's largest single employer of. Zoom in and click on the red map markers to view images of the unusual flight patterns in the FBI's targeted areas. NSA relayed telephone including cell phone conversations obtained from ground, airborne, and satellite monitoring stations to various U.

North Shore Agency NSA Collection Complaints. Stop the calls

It is not to be confused with or. For other uses, see and. The National Security Agency NSA is a national-level of the , under the authority of the. The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign intelligence and purposes, specializing in a discipline known as SIGINT. The NSA is also tasked with the of U. The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are. Since then, it has become the largest of the in terms of personnel and budget. The NSA currently conducts and has been known to physically electronic systems as one method to this end. The NSA has also been alleged to have been behind such attack software as , which severely damaged Iran's nuclear program. Unlike the CIA and the DIA , both of which specialize primarily in foreign , the NSA does not publicly conduct human-source intelligence gathering. The NSA is entrusted with providing assistance to, and the coordination of, SIGINT elements for other government organizations - which are prevented by law from engaging in such activities on their own. As part of these responsibilities, the agency has a co-located organization called the CSS , which facilitates cooperation between the NSA and other U. To further ensure streamlined communication between the signals divisions, the simultaneously serves as the Commander of the and as Chief of the. The NSA's actions have been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, including and the agency's participation in. In 2013, the NSA had many of its secret surveillance programs by , a former NSA contractor. According to the leaked documents, the NSA intercepts and stores the communications of over a billion people worldwide, including United States citizens. The documents also revealed the NSA tracks hundreds of millions of people's movements using cellphones. Formation The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28, 1917, three weeks after the U. Congress declared war on Germany in. A and decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the. It was headquartered in Washington, D. During the course of the war it was relocated in the army's organizational chart several times. On July 5, 1917, was assigned to head the unit. At that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two clerks. It absorbed the navy's functions in July 1918. World War I ended on November 11, 1918, and the army cryptographic section of Military Intelligence MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20, 1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley. The Black Chamber Black Chamber cryptanalytic work sheet for solving Japanese diplomatic cipher, 1919 After the disbandment of the cryptographic section of military intelligence, known as MI-8, in 1919, the U. The Black Chamber was the United States' first peacetime organization. Jointly funded by the Army and the State Department, the Cipher Bureau was disguised as a company; it actually produced and sold such codes for business use. Its true mission, however, was to break the communications chiefly diplomatic of other nations. Its most notable known success was at the , during which it aided American negotiators considerably by providing them with the decrypted traffic of many of the conference delegations, most notably the. The Black Chamber successfully persuaded , the largest U. Soon, these companies publicly discontinued their collaboration. Despite the Chamber's initial successes, it was shut down in 1929 by U. World War II and its aftermath During , the SIS was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the. When the war ended, the SIS was reorganized as the ASA , and it was placed under the leadership of the Director of Military Intelligence. On May 20, 1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency AFSA. This organization was originally established within the under the command of the. The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, except those of U. However, the AFSA was unable to centralize and failed to coordinate with civilian agencies that shared its interests such as the , CIA and the FBI. In December 1951, President ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the investigation led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency. The agency was formally established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24, 1952, that revised. Since President Truman's memo was a document, the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time. Due to its ultra-secrecy the U. Vietnam War Main articles: and In the 1960s, the NSA played a key role in expanding U. The NSA mounted a major effort to secure tactical communications among U. The family of compatible systems it developed was widely deployed during the , with about 30,000 NESTOR sets produced. However a variety of technical and operational problems limited their use, allowing the North Vietnamese to exploit and intercept U. Frank Church revealed that the NSA, in collaboration with Britain's SIGINT intelligence agency GCHQ , had routinely intercepted the international communications of prominent anti-Vietnam war leaders such as and Dr. The Agency tracked these individuals in a secret filing system that was destroyed in 1974. Following the resignation of President , there were several investigations of suspected misuse of FBI, CIA and NSA facilities. Senator uncovered previously unknown activity, such as a CIA plot ordered by the administration of President to assassinate. The investigation also uncovered NSA's wiretaps on targeted U. After the Church Committee hearings, the of 1978 was passed into law. This was designed to limit the practice of. From 1980s to 1990s In 1986, the NSA intercepted the communications of the Libyan government during the immediate aftermath of the. President cited as a justification for the. In 1999, a multi-year investigation by the European Parliament highlighted the NSA's role in economic espionage in a report entitled 'Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information'. That year, the NSA founded the , a memorial at the in Fort Meade, Maryland. NSA employees must be retired for more than fifteen years to qualify for the memorial. NSA's infrastructure deteriorated in the 1990s as defense budget cuts resulted in maintenance deferrals. On January 24, 2000, NSA headquarters suffered a total network outage for three days caused by an overloaded network. Incoming traffic was successfully stored on agency servers, but it could not be directed and processed. Some incoming traffic was also directed instead to Britain's for the time being. In the 1990s the defensive arm of the NSA — the Information Assurance Directorate IAD — started working more openly; the first public technical talk by an NSA scientist at a major cryptography conference was J. Solinas' presentation on efficient Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithms at Crypto 1997. The IAD's cooperative approach to academia and industry culminated in its support for a for replacing the outdated DES by an AES. Cybersecurity policy expert attributes the NSA's harmonious collaboration with industry and academia in the selection of the AES in 2000 — and the Agency's support for the choice of a strong encryption algorithm designed by Europeans rather than by Americans — to , who was the Technical Director of IAD and represented the NSA as cochairman of the Technical Working Group for the AES competition, and , who headed IAD at the time. According to and , the period when the NSA was a trusted partner with academia and industry in the development of cryptographic standards started to come to an end when, as part of the change in the NSA in the post-September 11 era, Snow was replaced as Technical Director, Jacobs retired, and IAD could no longer effectively oppose proposed actions by the offensive arm of the NSA. War on Terror In the aftermath of the , the NSA created new IT systems to deal with the flood of information from new technologies like the Internet and cellphones. The research done under this program may have contributed to the technology used in later systems. ThinThread was cancelled when Michael Hayden chose , which did not include ThinThread's privacy system. Some NSA complained internally about major problems surrounding Trailblazer. This led to investigations by Congress and the NSA and DoD. The project was cancelled in early 2004. It also included offensive cyber-warfare capabilities, like injecting into remote computers. Congress criticized Turbulence in 2007 for having similar bureaucratic problems as Trailblazer. It was to be a realization of information processing at higher speeds in cyberspace. Global surveillance disclosures NSA's mission includes radio broadcasting, both from various organizations and individuals, the Internet, telephone calls, and other intercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission includes military, diplomatic, and all other sensitive, confidential or secret government communications. The NSA sorts a fraction of those into 70 separate databases. In 2004, NSA and the of the DHS agreed to expand NSA Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education Program. Main article: In the United States, at least since 2001, there has been legal controversy over what signal intelligence can be used for and how much freedom the National Security Agency has to use signal intelligence. The government has made, in 2015, slight changes in how it uses and collects certain types of data, specifically phone records. Warrantless wiretaps Main article: On December 16, 2005, reported that, under pressure and with an from President , the National Security Agency, in an attempt to thwart terrorism, had been tapping phone calls made to persons outside the country, without obtaining from the , a secret court created for that purpose under the FISA. One such surveillance program, authorized by the U. Signals Intelligence Directive 18 of President George Bush, was the Highlander Project undertaken for the National Security Agency by the U. Army 513th Military Intelligence Brigade. NSA relayed telephone including cell phone conversations obtained from ground, airborne, and satellite monitoring stations to various U. Army Signal Intelligence Officers, including the 201st Military Intelligence Battalion. Conversations of citizens of the U. Proponents of the surveillance program claim that the President has to order such action, arguing that laws such as FISA are overridden by the President's Constitutional powers. In addition, some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute, the , although the Supreme Court's ruling in deprecates this view. In the August 2006 case , Judge concluded that NSA's warrantless surveillance program was both illegal and unconstitutional. On July 6, 2007, the vacated the decision on the grounds that the ACLU lacked standing to bring the suit. On January 17, 2006, the filed a lawsuit, , against the Presidency. The lawsuit challenged the National Security Agency's NSA's surveillance of people within the U. As a result of the passed by in June 2015, the NSA had to shut down its bulk phone surveillance program on November 29 of the same year. The USA Freedom Act forbids the NSA to collect metadata and content of phone calls unless it has a warrant for terrorism investigation. In that case the agency has to ask the for the record, which will only be kept for six months. As part of this effort, NSA now monitors huge volumes of records of domestic email data, web addresses from Internet searches, bank transfers, credit-card transactions, travel records, and telephone data, according to current and former intelligence officials interviewed by. The sender, recipient, and subject line of emails can be included, but the content of the messages or of phone calls are not. A 2013 advisory group for the Obama administration, seeking to reform NSA spying programs following the revelations of documents released by Edward J. Illegally obtained evidence Further information: In August 2013 it was revealed that a 2005 IRS training document showed that NSA intelligence intercepts and wiretaps, both foreign and domestic, were being supplied to the DEA and IRS and were illegally used to launch criminal investigations of US citizens. Law enforcement agents were directed to conceal how the investigations began and recreate an apparently legal investigative trail by re-obtaining the same evidence by other means. Barack Obama administration In the months leading to April 2009, the NSA intercepted the communications of U. The Justice Department then took action to correct the issues and bring the program into compliance with existing laws. United States Attorney General resumed the program according to his understanding of the amendment of 2008, without explaining what had occurred. Polls conducted in June 2013 found divided results among Americans regarding NSA's secret data collection. In August 2013, following the Snowden leaks, new details about the NSA's data mining activity were revealed. Emails that do not match are deleted. The utility of such a massive metadata collection in preventing terrorist attacks is disputed. Many studies reveal the dragnet like system to be ineffective. One benefit of this is quickly being able to determine the difference between suspicious activity and real threats. In addition to doubts about its effectiveness, many people argue that the collection of metadata is an unconstitutional invasion of privacy. As of 2015 , the collection process remains legal and grounded in the ruling from Smith v. A prominent opponent of the data collection and its legality is U. As of May 7, 2015, the U. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that the interpretation of Section 215 of the Patriot Act was wrong and that the NSA program that has been collecting Americans' phone records in bulk is illegal. It stated that Section 215 cannot be clearly interpreted to allow government to collect national phone data and, as a result, expired on June 1, 2015. Under the program, the NSA paid telecommunications companies between 9 and 95 million dollars in order to collect data from them. While companies such as Google and Yahoo! Under this new ruling, telecommunications companies maintain bulk user on their servers for at least 18 months, to be provided upon request to the NSA. This ruling made the mass storage of specific phone records at NSA datacenters illegal, but it did not rule on Section 215's constitutionality. The NSA tracks the locations of hundreds of millions of cellphones per day, allowing it to map people's movements and relationships in detail. The NSA has been reported to have access to all communications made via Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Yahoo, YouTube, AOL, Skype, Apple and Paltalk, and collects hundreds of millions of contact lists from personal email and instant messaging accounts each year. Domestically, the NSA has been proven to collect and store metadata records of phone calls, including over 120 million US , as well as intercept vast amounts of communications via the internet. The NSA also supplies foreign intercepts to the , and other law enforcement agencies, who use these to initiate criminal investigations. The NSA also spies on influential Muslims to obtain information that could be used to discredit them, such as their use of pornography. According to a report in The Washington Post in July 2014, relying on information provided by Snowden, 90% of those placed under surveillance in the U. The newspaper said it had examined documents including emails, text messages, and online accounts that support the claim. The , the secret court charged with regulating the NSA's activities is, according to its chief judge, incapable of investigating or verifying how often the NSA breaks even its own secret rules. It has since been reported that the NSA violated its own rules on data access thousands of times a year, many of these violations involving large-scale data interceptions. Email contact lists including those of US citizens are collected at numerous foreign locations to work around the illegality of doing so on US soil. Legal opinions on the NSA's bulk collection program have differed. In mid-December 2013, U. Surely, such a program infringes on 'that degree of privacy' that the Founders enshrined in the Fourth Amendment. Indeed, I have little doubt that the author of our Constitution, James Madison, who cautioned us to beware 'the abridgement of freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments by those in power,' would be aghast. District Judge William Pauley ruled that the NSA's collection of telephone records is legal and valuable in the fight against terrorism. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly. An October 2014 United Nations report condemned mass surveillance by the United States and other countries as violating multiple international treaties and conventions that guarantee core privacy rights. NSA See also: In 2015, the and several other plaintiffs filed suit against the NSA, , for the violation of their user's First and Fourth Amendment rights by the Agency's programs like. The suit was initially dismissed, but was later found to have plausible and legal standing to its complaints by the and was. The case is currently awaiting further proceedings at the. Responsibility for international ransomware attack An exploit, , which is believed to have been created by the NSA, was used in the unprecedented worldwide in May 2017. The exploit had been leaked online by a hacking group, , nearly a month prior to the attack. A number of experts have pointed the finger at the NSA's non-disclosure of the underlying vulnerability, and their loss of control over the EternalBlue attack tool that exploited it. Today it is a , and several NSA stations are closing. Its capabilities were suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world's transmitted civilian telephone, fax and data traffic. During the early 1970s, the first of what became more than eight large satellite communications dishes were installed at Menwith Hill. Alleged Echelon-related activities, including its use for motives other than national security, including political and , received criticism from countries outside the UKUSA alliance. Those targeted had not committed any apparent crime nor were they charged with one. The is a data collection program introduced in 2005 in Iraq by NSA during the that consisted of gathering all electronic communication, storing it, then searching and otherwise analyzing it. It was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques. A dedicated unit of the NSA locates targets for the for extrajudicial assassination in the Middle East. The NSA has also spied extensively on the European Union, the United Nations and numerous governments including allies and trading partners in Europe, South America and Asia. In June 2015, published documents showing that NSA spied on companies. In July 2015, WikiLeaks published documents showing that NSA spied on federal German ministries since the 1990s. Even Germany's Chancellor 's cellphones and phone of her predecessors had been intercepted. BoundlessInformant revealed in June 2013 that between February 8 and March 8, 2013, the NSA collected about 124. Initially, it was reported that some of these data reflected eavesdropping on citizens in countries like Germany, Spain and France, but later on, it became clear that those data were collected by European agencies during military missions abroad and were subsequently shared with NSA. Bypassing encryption In 2013, reporters uncovered a secret memo that claims the NSA created and pushed for the adoption of the encryption standard that contained built-in vulnerabilities in 2006 to the United States NIST , and the aka ISO. This memo appears to give credence to previous speculation by cryptographers at Microsoft Research. Software backdoors , the founder of , joked during a keynote on September 18, 2013, that the NSA, who are the founder of , wanted a backdoor in the kernel. However, later, Linus' father, a MEP , revealed that the NSA actually did this. Then he was sort of in the legal free. He had given the right answer, everybody understood that the NSA had approached him. Until US laws regulating encryption were changed in 2000, IBM and Lotus were prohibited from exporting versions of Notes that supported symmetric encryption keys that were longer than 40 bits. This strengthened the protection for users of Notes outside the US against private-sector , but not against spying by the US government. Boomerang routing While it is assumed that foreign transmissions terminating in the U. Boomerang routing occurs when an Internet transmission that originates and terminates in a single country transits another. Research at the has suggested that approximately 25% of Canadian domestic traffic may be subject to NSA surveillance activities as a result of the boomerang routing of Canadian. Hardware implanting A document included in NSA files released with 's book details how the agency's TAO and other NSA units gain access to hardware. They intercept , and other being shipped to organizations targeted for surveillance and install covert implant firmware onto them before they are delivered. Cottonmouth is a device that can be inserted in the USB port of a computer in order to establish remote access to the targeted machine. NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the United States, while confining its own activities within the United States to the embassies and missions of foreign nations. The appearance of a 'Domestic Surveillance Directorate' of the NSA was soon exposed as a hoax in 2013. NSA's domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements imposed by the. The specific requirements for domestic surveillance operations are contained in the of 1978 FISA , which does not extend protection to non-U. President's Surveillance Program , president during the , approved the shortly after the attacks to take anti-terrorist security measures. These titles granted enhanced domestic security against terrorism, surveillance procedures, and improved intelligence, respectively. On March 10, 2004, there was a debate between President Bush and White House Counsel , Attorney General , and Acting Attorney General. The Attorneys General were unsure if the NSA's programs could be considered constitutional. They threatened to resign over the matter, but ultimately the NSA's programs continued. On March 11, 2004, President Bush signed a new authorization for mass surveillance of Internet records, in addition to the surveillance of phone records. This allowed the president to be able to override laws such as the , which protected civilians from mass surveillance. In addition to this, President Bush also signed that the measures of mass surveillance were also retroactively in place. The PRISM program PRISM: a program under which the NSA collects user data from companies like Microsoft and. Under the program, which started in 2007, NSA gathers Internet communications from foreign targets from nine major U. Internet-based communication service providers: , , , Facebook, , , , YouTube and. Data gathered include email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, chats such as Skype, and file transfers. Former NSA director General Keith Alexander claimed that in September 2009 the NSA prevented and his friends from carrying out a terrorist attack. However, this claim has been debunked and no evidence has been presented demonstrating that the NSA has ever been instrumental in preventing a terrorist attack. Hacking operations Besides the more traditional ways of eavesdropping in order to collect signals intelligence, NSA is also engaged in computers, smartphones and their networks. These operations are conducted by the TAO division, which has been active since at least circa 1998. The NSA is led by the DIRNSA , who also serves as Chief of the CHCSS and Commander of the USCYBERCOM and is the highest-ranking military official of these organizations. NSA also has an , head of the Office of the Inspector General OIG , a , head of the Office of the General Counsel OGC and a Director of Compliance, who is head of the Office of the Director of Compliance ODOC. Unlike other intelligence organizations such as CIA or , NSA has always been particularly reticent concerning its internal organizational structure. Each of these directorates consisted of several groups or elements, designated by a letter. There were for example the A Group, which was responsible for all SIGINT operations against the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and G Group, which was responsible for SIGINT related to all non-communist countries. These groups were divided in units designated by an additional number, like unit A5 for breaking Soviet codes, and G6, being the office for the Middle East, North Africa, Cuba, Central and South America. Directorates As of 2013 , NSA has about a dozen directorates, which are designated by a letter, although not all of them are publicly known. The directorates are divided in divisions and units starting with the letter of the parent directorate, followed by a number for the division, the sub-unit or a sub-sub-unit. This directorate is led by a director and a deputy director. A tool which details and maps the information collected by this unit is code-named. Special Source Operations is also mentioned in connection to the collection program. In the year 2000, a leadership team was formed, consisting of the Director, the Deputy Director and the Directors of the Signals Intelligence SID , the Information Assurance IAD and the Technical Directorate TD. The chiefs of other main NSA divisions became associate directors of the senior leadership team. After president George W. Bush initiated the PSP in 2001, the NSA created a 24-hour Metadata Analysis Center MAC , followed in 2004 by the Advanced Analysis Division AAD , with the mission of analyzing content, Internet metadata and telephone metadata. Both units were part of the Signals Intelligence Directorate. A 2016 proposal would combine the Signals Intelligence Directorate with Information Assurance Directorate into Directorate of Operations. NSANet Behind the Green Door — Secure communications room with separate computer terminals for access to , GWAN, , and NSANet stands for National Security Agency Network and is the official NSA intranet. The management of NSANet has been delegated to the Texas CSSTEXAS. NSANet is a highly secured computer network consisting of fiber-optic and satellite communication channels which are almost completely separated from the public Internet. The network allows NSA personnel and civilian and military intelligence analysts anywhere in the world to have access to the agency's systems and databases. This access is tightly controlled and monitored. For example, every keystroke is logged, activities are audited at random and downloading and printing of documents from NSANet are recorded. In 2004, the network was reported to have used over twenty operating systems. Some universities that do highly sensitive research are allowed to connect to it. As a system administrator, Snowden was responsible for moving accidentally misplaced highly sensitive documents to safer storage locations. This center was established in 1968 as the National SIGINT Watch Center NSWC and renamed into National SIGINT Operations Center NSOC in 1973. The NTOC establishes real-time network awareness and threat characterization capabilities to forecast, alert, and attribute malicious activity and enable the coordination of Computer Network Operations. The NTOC was established in 2004 as a joint Information Assurance and Signals Intelligence project. Employees The number of NSA employees is officially classified but there are several sources providing estimates. In 1961, NSA had 59,000 military and civilian employees, which grew to 93,067 in 1969, of which 19,300 worked at the headquarters at Fort Meade. In the early 1980s NSA had roughly 50,000 military and civilian personnel. By 1989 this number had grown again to 75,000, of which 25,000 worked at the NSA headquarters. Between 1990 and 1995 the NSA's budget and workforce were cut by one third, which led to a substantial loss of experience. In 2012, the NSA said more than 30,000 employees worked at Fort Meade and other facilities. More widely, it has been described as the world's largest single employer of. Some NSA employees form part of the workforce of the NRO , the agency that provides the NSA with satellite. As of 2013 about 1,000 work for the NSA. Personnel security The NSA received criticism early on in 1960 after two agents had defected to the. Investigations by the and a special subcommittee of the revealed severe cases of ignorance in personnel security regulations, prompting the former personnel director and the director of security to step down and leading to the adoption of stricter security practices. Nonetheless, security breaches reoccurred only a year later when in an issue of of July 23, 1963, a former NSA employee published several cryptologic secrets. The very same day, an NSA clerk-messenger committed as ongoing investigations disclosed that he had sold secret information to the Soviets on a regular basis. Snowden claims he suggested such a rule in 2009. Polygraphing DSS polygraph brochure given to NSA applicants The NSA conducts tests of employees. For new employees, the tests are meant to discover enemy spies who are applying to the NSA and to uncover any information that could make an applicant pliant to coercion. The NSA also conducts five-year periodic reinvestigation polygraphs of employees, focusing on counterintelligence programs. NSA's brochure states that the average test length is between two and four hours. Between 1974 and 1979, of the 20,511 job applicants who took polygraph tests, 695 3. In 2010 the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process. After revealed his identity in 2013, the NSA began requiring polygraphing of employees once per quarter. Arbitrary firing The number of exemptions from legal requirements has been criticized. It means that an employee could be discharged and disgraced on the basis of anonymous allegations without the slightest opportunity to defend himself. Also, every person hired to a job in the US after 2007, at any private organization, state or federal government agency, must be reported to the , ostensibly to look for evaders, except that employees of an intelligence agency may be excluded from reporting if the director deems it necessary for national security reasons. Headquarters at circa 1950s When the agency was first established, its headquarters and cryptographic center were in the Naval Security Station in Washington, D. The COMINT functions were located in in , which served as the headquarters of the 's cryptographic operations. A planning committee considered , but , , was ultimately chosen as NSA headquarters because it was far enough away from Washington, D. Construction of additional buildings began after the agency occupied buildings at Ft. Meade in the late 1950s, which they soon outgrew. In 1963 the new headquarters building, nine stories tall, opened. COMSEC remained in Washington, D. In September 1986, the Operations 2A and 2B buildings, both copper-shielded to prevent , opened with a dedication by President. National Security Agency headquarters in Fort Meade, 2013 Headquarters for the National Security Agency is located at in , , although it is separate from other compounds and agencies that are based within this same military installation. Meade is about 20 mi 32 km southwest of , and 25 mi 40 km northeast of Washington, DC. The NSA has two dedicated exits off. The Eastbound exit from the Parkway heading toward Baltimore is open to the public and provides employee access to its main campus and public access to the National Cryptology Museum. The exit may only be used by people with the proper clearances, and security vehicles parked along the road guard the entrance. NSA is the largest employer in the state of Maryland, and two-thirds of its personnel work at Ft. Built on 350 acres 140 ha; 0. Meade's 5,000 acres 2,000 ha; 7. At the entrance, a white pentagonal structure, visitor badges are issued to visitors and security clearances of employees are checked. The visitor center includes a painting of the NSA seal. The OPS2A building, the tallest building in the NSA complex and the location of much of the agency's operations directorate, is accessible from the visitor center. The NSA headquarters includes a cafeteria, a credit union, ticket counters for airlines and entertainment, a barbershop, and a bank. NSA headquarters has its own post office, fire department, and police force. The employees at the NSA headquarters reside in various places in the , including , Baltimore, and in Maryland and the District of Columbia, including the community. The NSA maintains a shuttle service from the of to its Visitor Control Center and has done so since 2005. Power consumption Due to massive amounts of , NSA is the largest electricity consumer in Maryland. Following a major power outage in 2000, in 2003 and in follow-ups through 2007, reported that the NSA was at risk of electrical overload because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of equipment being installed. NSA decided to move some of its operations to a new satellite facility. BGE provided NSA with 65 to 75 at Ft. Meade in 2007, and expected that an increase of 10 to 15 megawatts would be needed later that year. In 2011, NSA at Ft. Meade was Maryland's largest consumer of power. In 2007, as BGE's largest customer, NSA bought as much electricity as , the capital city of Maryland. Computing assets In 1995, reported that the NSA is the owner of the single largest group of. NSA held a groundbreaking ceremony at Ft. Meade in May 2013 for its High Performance Computing Center 2, expected to open in 2016. Called Site M, the center has a 150 megawatt power substation, 14 administrative buildings and 10 parking garages. The center is 1,800,000 square feet 17 ha; 0. Increments II and III are expected to be completed by 2030, and would quadruple the space, covering 5,800,000 square feet 54 ha; 0. National Computer Security Center The DoD Computer Security Center was founded in 1981 and renamed the National Computer Security Center NCSC in 1985. NCSC was responsible for computer security throughout the federal government. NCSC was part of NSA, and during the late 1980s and the 1990s, NSA and NCSC published in a six-foot high of books that detailed trusted computing and network platform specifications. The Rainbow books were replaced by the , however, in the early 2000s. Satellite receivers were at in and in. It operated ten to twenty on U. NSA had installations in several U. NSA had facilities at FANX in , which is a 20 to 25-minute drive from Ft. Meade; the Aerospace Data Facility at in outside , Colorado; NSA Texas in the at in , Texas; NSA Georgia at in ; NSA Hawaii in ; the in , and elsewhere. It is expected to be operational by September 2013. In 2009, to protect its assets and access more electricity, NSA sought to decentralize and expand its existing facilities in Ft. Meade and Menwith Hill, the latter expansion expected to be completed by 2015. The cited Bamford, saying that many of NSA's bases for its Echelon program were a , using outdated, 1990s technology. In 2004, NSA closed its operations at Field Station 81 in , Germany. In 2012, NSA began to move some of its operations at Yakima Research Station, , in Washington state to Colorado, planning to leave Yakima closed. As of 2013, NSA also intended to close operations at. International stations has the largest NSA presence in the United Kingdom. Following the signing in 1946—1956 of the between the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, who then cooperated on and , NSA stations were built at in , United Kingdom; , and Shoal Bay, Australia; and , Ontario, Canada; , Japan; and and , New Zealand. NSA operates in North Yorkshire, United Kingdom, which was, according to in 2007, the largest electronic monitoring station in the world. Planned in 1954, and opened in 1960, the base covered 562 acres 227 ha; 0. The agency's European Cryptologic Center ECC , with 240 employees in 2011, is headquartered at a US military compound in , near in Germany. In 2013, a new Consolidated Intelligence Center, also to be used by NSA, is being built at the headquarters of the in , Germany. NSA's partnership with BND , the German foreign intelligence service, was confirmed by BND president Gerhard Schindler. These are non-English-speaking countries that have made security agreements for the exchange of SIGINT raw material and end product reports. Thailand is the site of at least two US SIGINT collection stations. One is at the in , a joint NSA- Special Collection Service SCS unit. It presumably eavesdrops on foreign embassies, governmental communications, and other targets of opportunity. The second installation is a FORNSAT foreign satellite interception station in the Thai city of. It is codenamed INDRA, but has also been referred to as LEMONWOOD. The station is approximately 40 ha 100 acres in size and consists of a large 3,700—4,600 m 2 40,000—50,000 ft 2 operations building on the west side of the ops compound and four radome-enclosed parabolic antennas. Possibly two of the radome-enclosed antennas are used for SATCOM intercept and two antennas used for relaying the intercepted material back to NSA. There is also a PUSHER-type circularly-disposed antenna array CDAA array just north of the ops compound. NSA activated Khon Kaen in October 1979. Its mission was to eavesdrop on the radio traffic of Chinese army and air force units in southern China, especially in and around the city of in Yunnan Province. Back in the late 1970s the base consisted only of a small CDAA antenna array that was remote-controlled via satellite from the NSA listening post at , and a small force of civilian contractors from Bendix Field Engineering Corp. According to the papers of the late General William Odom, the INDRA facility was upgraded in 1986 with a new British-made PUSHER CDAA antenna as part of an overall upgrade of NSA and Thai SIGINT facilities whose objective was to spy on the neighboring communist nations of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The base apparently fell into disrepair in the 1990s as China and Vietnam became more friendly towards the US, and by 2002 archived satellite imagery showed that the PUSHER CDAA antenna had been torn down, perhaps indicating that the base had been closed. At some point in the period since , the Khon Kaen base was reactivated and expanded to include a sizeable SATCOM intercept mission. It is likely that the NSA presence at Khon Kaen is relatively small, and that most of the work is done by civilian contractors. NSA has been involved in debates about public policy, both indirectly as a behind-the-scenes adviser to other departments, and directly during and after 's directorship. NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the. Restrictions on export were reduced but not eliminated in 1996. Its secure government communications work has involved the NSA in numerous technology areas, including the design of specialized communications and software, production of dedicated at the chip fabrication plant , and advanced research. For 50 years, NSA designed and built most of its computer equipment in-house, but from the 1990s until about 2003 when the U. Congress curtailed the practice , the agency contracted with the private sector in the fields of research and equipment. Data Encryption Standard was the NSA's first , used from 1991 to 1997 NSA was embroiled in some minor controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard DES , a standard and public used by the and banking community. During the development of DES by in the 1970s, NSA recommended changes to some details of the design. It has since been observed that the S-boxes in DES are particularly resilient against , a technique which was not publicly discovered until the late 1980s but known to the IBM DES team. Advanced Encryption Standard Main article: The involvement of NSA in selecting a successor to Data Encryption Standard DES , the Advanced Encryption Standard AES , was limited to hardware performance testing see. NSA has subsequently certified AES for protection of classified information when used in NSA-approved systems. SHA The widely used and hash functions were designed by NSA. SHA-1 is a slight modification of the weaker algorithm, also designed by NSA in 1993. This small modification was suggested by NSA two years later, with no justification other than the fact that it provides additional security. An attack for SHA-0 that does not apply to the revised algorithm was indeed found between 1998 and 2005 by academic cryptographers. Because of weaknesses and key length restrictions in SHA-1, NIST deprecates its use for , and approves only the newer SHA-2 algorithms for such applications from 2013 on. A new hash standard, , has recently been selected through the concluded October 2, 2012 with the selection of as the algorithm. The process to select SHA-3 was similar to the one held in choosing the AES, but some doubts have been cast over it, since fundamental modifications have been made to Keccak in order to turn it into a standard. These changes potentially undermine the cryptanalysis performed during the competition and reduce the security levels of the algorithm. This led to speculation of a which would allow NSA access to data encrypted by systems using that pseudo random number generator. This is now deemed to be plausible based on the fact that output of next iterations of PRNG can provably be determined if relation between two internal elliptic curve points is known. Both NIST and RSA are now officially recommending against the use of this PRNG. Clipper chip Main article: Because of concerns that widespread use of strong cryptography would hamper government use of , NSA proposed the concept of in 1993 and introduced the Clipper chip that would offer stronger protection than DES but would allow access to encrypted data by authorized law enforcement officials. The proposal was strongly opposed and key escrow requirements ultimately went nowhere. However, NSA's hardware-based encryption cards, created for the Clipper project, are still used within government, and NSA ultimately declassified and published the design of the used on the cards. Perfect Citizen Main article: Perfect Citizen is a program to perform by the NSA on U. It was originally reported to be a program to develop a system of sensors to detect cyber attacks on critical infrastructure computer networks in both the private and public sector through a system named Einstein. Academic research NSA has invested many millions of dollars in academic research under grant code prefix MDA904, resulting in over 3,000 papers as of October 11, 2007. Patents NSA has the ability to file for a patent from the under. Unlike normal patents, these are not revealed to the public and do not expire. However, if the Patent Office receives an application for an identical patent from a third party, they will reveal NSA's patent and officially grant it to NSA for the full term on that date. One of NSA's published patents describes a method of an individual computer site in an Internet-like network, based on the of multiple network connections. Although no public patent exists, NSA is reported to have used a similar locating technology called trilateralization that allows real-time tracking of an individual's location, including altitude from ground level, using data obtained from cellphone towers. The insignia of NSA consists of an inside a circle, grasping a in its talons. The eagle represents the agency's national mission. Its breast features a shield with bands of red and white, taken from the and representing Congress. The key is taken from the emblem of and represents security. When the NSA was created, the agency had no emblem and used that of the Department of Defense. The agency adopted its first of two emblems in 1963. The current NSA insignia has been in use since 1965, when then-, LTG ordered the creation of a device to represent the agency. The NSA's flag consists of the agency's seal on a light blue background. National Cryptologic Memorial Crews associated with NSA missions have been involved in a number of dangerous and deadly situations. The in 1967 and in 1968 are examples of the losses endured during the. It is made of black granite, and has 171 names carved into it, as of 2013. It is located at NSA headquarters. A tradition of declassifying the stories of the fallen was begun in 2001. Archived from PDF on 2016-03-22. 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Each system is responsible for different nsa collection agency of intercepted data. Zoom in and click on the red map markers to view images of the unusual flight patterns in the FBI's targeted areas. In 1963 the new idea building, nine stories tall, opened. The American black chamber. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Office Hours: Monday - Friday 9 a. Retrieved March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2013. Solinas' presentation on efficient Elliptic Curve Idea algorithms at Crypto 1997. Today it is aand several NSA stations are closing.